DIPOLE MOMENT:
There are two type of covalent bond 1- polar and 2- non-polarThe method to check polar and non polar is usually to check electronegativity difference if present then compound is non polar for example:HCL is polar because chlorine is more electronegative then hydrogen so electronegativity difference create and on the other hand H2 is non polar becquerel there is no elctronegativity difference present but this method is not correct because we observe that in some compounds like BeF3 has electronegativity difference is present but it is non polar so, the concept DIPOLE MOMENT was introduced to check
1-Compound is polar or not
2- Percentage of ionic character im a covalent compound
DIPOLE MOMENT is a vector quantity and it's direction is from less electronegative to more electronegative. If lone pair is present then direction is from atom to lone pair
u= q * d
where q is the charge on any one one atom
*(mean multiply)
d is the inter-nuclear distance
SI unit is Coulombs meter but most common unit is DEBYE
1 debye=3.336 * 10^-30
Molecules which have net dipole moment 0 are non-polar,whereas molecules which have dipole moment moment greater then zero are polar
in the given example you see that in case of carbon dioxide there is electronegative difference,Oxygen is more electronegative then carbon so we draw vector from carbon to oxygen as we get two vector which are equal in magnitude but apposite in direction so they will cancel out and the net dipole moment becomes zero as a result we conclude that carbon dioxide is non-polar gas
to get information about vector you can see my article about vector the link is given below
https://www.kniwledgeispower.ga/2020/03/a-physical-quantity-which-can-be.html?m=1
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